Martin Furr

Martin Furr

DVM, Diplomat ACVIM, PhD, MA Ed

Furr, M., Quance, J. and Kennedy, T. Safety of an exaggerated dosage of toltrazuril in horses. Vet Therap 2000;1(4),245-251.

Furr, M., and Kennedy, T. Cerebrospinal fluid and blood concentrations of toltrazuril 5% suspension in the horse after oral dosing Vet Therap 2000;1(2),125-132.

Furr, M., Kennedy, T., MacKay, R., Reed, S., Andrews, F., Bernard, B., Bain, F., and Byars, D. Efficacy of ponazuril 15% oral paste as a treatment for Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis. Vet Therap 2001;2(3),215-222.

Furr, M., and Kennedy, T. Cerebrospinal fluid and serum concentrations of ponazuril in horses.  Vet Therap 2001; 2(3) 232-237.

Furr, M., and Pontzer, C. Transforming growth factor beta concentrations and interferon gamma responses in cerebrospinal fluid of horses with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Equine Vet J 2001; 33(7), 721-725. 

Furr, M., Pontzer, C., and Gasper, P. Lymphocyte phenotype subsets in the cerebrospinal fluid of normal horses and horses with Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis. Vet Therap 2001;2(4),317-324.

Furr, M., MacKay, R., Andrews, F., Schott, H., and Granstrom, D.  Clinical diagnosis of Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM): ACVIM Consensus Statement. J Vet Intern Med 2002;16(5):618-621.

Furr, M. Antigen-specific Antibodies in Cerebrospinal Fluid after Intramuscular Injection of ovalbumin in Horses. J Vet Intern Med 2002;16(5):588-592. 

Furr, M. Immunology, pathophysiology and diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Clin Tech Eq Prac 2006:5 (1):3-8.

Furr, M, MacKenzie, H., Dubey, J., Saville, W., Reed, S. Pretreatment of horses with ponazuril limits infection and neurologic signs resulting from S. neurona. J Parasitology 2006;92(3):637-643.

Furr, M.O. Humoral Immune Responses in the Horse after Intrathecal Challenge with Ovalbumin. J Vet Intern Med 2007;21(4):806-811. 

Cohen, N., MacKay, R.J., Toby, E., Andrews, F. M., Barr, B., Beech, J., Bernard, W.V., Clark, C. K., Divers, T.J., Furr, M.O., Kohn, C.W., Levy, M., Reed, S.M., Seahorn, T.L. and Slovis, N.M. A multicenter case-control study of risk factors for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. J Amer Vet Med Assoc 231(12); 1857-1863, 2007.

Furr, M, Howe D, Reed S, Yeargen M.  Antibody Coefficients for the Diagnosis of Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis. J Vet Intern Med 25(1);138-142, 2011.

Reed S, Howe D, Morrow J, Graves A, Yeargan Y, Johnson A, MacKay R, Furr M, Saville W, Williams N. Accurate antemortem diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) based on detecting intrathecal antibodies against Sarcocystis neurona using the SnSAG2 and SnSAG4/3 ELISAs. J Vet Intern Med 27:1193-1200,2013.

Dubey, J.P., Howe, D.K., Furr, M., Saville, W.J., Marsh A.E., Reed, S.M., Grigg, M.E. An update on Sarcocystis neurona infections in animals and equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM). Veterinary Parasitology 2015;209:1-42.

Reed, S., Furr, M., Howe, D., et al. Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis: An Updated Consensus Statement with a Focus on Parasite Biology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention.  J Vet Intern Med 2016;doi:10.1111/jvim.13834

Furr M, Kennedy T. Effects of coadministration of corn oil and ponazuril on serum and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of ponazuril in horses. J Vet Intern Med. 2020;1–4. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.15765

Witonsky S, Hay A, Wagner, B, Clark, C. Leeth, C. LeRoith T, Lahmers, K., Andrews, F., Were, S., Johnson A, Pusterla N, Reed S, Lindsay, D, Taylor S, Estell K, Furr M, MacKay R, Cecere, T. Del Piero, F.   Horses affected by EPM have increased sCD14 compared to healthy horses. J Vet Immunol Immunopathol, 2021; doi:242110338.

Amy Johnson

Amy Johnson

Associate Professor of Large Animal Medicine & Neurology

Hay AN, Wagner B, Leeth CM, LeRoith T, Cecere TE, Lahmers KK, Andrews FM, Were SR, Johnson AL, Clark CK, Pusterla N, Reed SM, Lindsay DS, Taylor S, Estell KE, Furr M, MacKay RJ, Del Piero F, Witonsky SG. Horses affected by EPM have increased sCD14 compared to healthy horses.Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2021 Dec;242:110338. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110338. Epub 2021 Oct 22.

Mittelman NS, Stefanovski D, Johnson AL*. Utility of C-reactive protein and serum amyloid A in the diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. J Vet Intern Med 2018 Sep;32(5):1726-1730. doi: 10.1111/jvim.15254. Epub 2018 Sep 14.

Bedenice D, Johnson AL. Neurologic conditions affecting the equine athlete. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2018 Aug;34(2):277-297. doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2018.04.006.

Schale S, Howe D, Yeargan M, Morrow JK, Graves A, Johnson AL*. Protozoal coinfection in horses with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis in the eastern United States. J Vet Intern Med 2018 May;32(3):1210-1214. doi: 10.1111/jvim.15127. Epub 2018 Apr 10.

Johnson AL. Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora hughesi. In: Pusterla N, Higgins J. Interpretation of Equine Laboratory Diagnostics. Wiley-Blackwell, 2018.

Intan-Shameha AR, Divers TJ, Morrow JK, Graves A, Olsen E, Johnson AL, Mohammed HO. Phosphorylated neurofilament H (pNF-H) as a potential diagnostic marker for neurological disorders in horses. Res Vet Sci 2017 Oct;114:401-405. doi: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.07.020. Epub 2017 Jul 18.

Reed SM, Furr M, Howe DK, Johnson AL, MacKay RJ, Morrow JK, Pusterla N, Witonsky S. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis: an updated consensus statement with a focus on parasite biology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. J Vet Intern Med 2016 Mar;30(2):491-502. doi: 10.1111/jvim.13834. Epub 2016 Feb 9.

Johnson AL, Divers TJ (with contributions from de Lahunta A). Nervous system: neurologic emergencies. In: Orsini JA, Divers TJ. Equine Emergencies: Treatment and Procedures, 4th ed. Elsevier, Dec 2013.

Reed SM, Howe DK, Morrow JK, Graves A, Yeargan MR, Johnson AL, MacKay RJ, Furr M, Saville WJ, Williams NM. Accurate antemortem diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) based on detecting intrathecal antibodies against Sarcocystis neurona using the SnSAG2 and SnSAG4/3 ELISAs. J Vet Intern Med 2013;27:1193-200.

Johnson AL, Morrow JK, Sweeney RW. Indirect fluorescent antibody test and surface antigen ELISAs for antemortem diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. J Vet Intern Med 2013;27:596-599.

Johnson AL. Update on infectious diseases affecting the equine nervous system. Vet Clin Equine 2011;27:573-587.

Johnson AL, Burton AJ, Sweeney RW. Utility of two immunological tests for antemortem diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (Sarcocystis neurona infection) in naturally occurring cases. J Vet Intern Med 2010;24:1184-1189.

Johnson AL. Evidence-based clinical question: Which is the most sensitive and specific commercial test to diagnose Sarcocystis neurona infection (equine protozoal myeloencephalitis) in horses? Equine Vet Educ 2008;20:166-168.

Jennifer Morrow

Jennifer Morrow

S Schale, D Howe, M Yeargan, JK Morrow, A Graves and AL Johnson (2018) Protozoal coinfection in horses with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis in the eastern United States. J. Veterinary Internal Medicine 32: 1210-1214

AR Intan-Shameha, TJ Divers, JK Morrow, A Graves, E Olsen, AL Johnson and HO Mohammed (2017) Phosphorylated neurofilament H (pNF-H) as a potential diagnostic marker for neurological disorders in horses. Research in Veterinary Science 114: 401-405

WJA Saville, JP Dubey, AE Marsh, SM Rees, RO Keene, DK Howe, J Morrow and JD Workman (2017) Testing the Sarcocystis neurona vaccine using an equine protozoal myeloencephalitis challenge model. Veterinary Parasitology 247: 37-41

SM Reed, M Furr, DK Howe, AL Johnson, RJ MacKay, JK Morrow, N Pusterla and S Witonsky (2016) Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM): an updated consensus statement with a focus on parasite biology, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. J. Veterinary Internal Medicine 30: 491-502 

AC Renier, JK Morrow, AJ Graves, CJ Finno, DK Howe, SD Owens, E Tamez-Trevino, AE Packham, PA Conrad and N Pusterla (2016) Diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis using indirect fluorescent antibody testing and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titer ratios for Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora hughesi. J. Equine Veterinary Science 36: 49-51

M Yeargan, I deA Rocha, J Morrow, A Graves, SM Reed and DK Howe (2015) A new trivalent SnSAG surface antigen chimera for efficient detection of antibodies against Sarcocystis neurona and diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. J. Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 27:377-381

SM Reed, DK Howe, JK Morrow, A Graves, MR Yeargan, AL Johnson, RJ MacKay, M Furr, WJA Saville and NM Williams (2013) Accurate Antemortem Diagnosis of Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM) Based on Detecting Intrathecal Antibodies against Sarcocystis neurona Using the SnSAG2 and SnSAG4/3 ELISAs. J. Veterinary Internal Medicine 27:1193-1200        

AL Johnson, JK Morrow and RW Sweeney (2013). Indirect fluorescent antibody test and surface antigen ELISAs for antemortem diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis.  J. Vet. Intern. Med. 27:596-599

CM Brown, JK Morrow, CL Carleton, B Ramanathan, R Reddy, V Vaidya, SM Karthikeyan, AA Zulfikar and VS Kannadkar (2006) Persistence of serum antibodies to Sarcocystis neurona in horses moved from North America to India.   J. Veterinary Internal Medicine 20: 994-997

JS Hoane, JK Morrow, WJ Saville, JP Dubey, DE Granstrom and DK Howe (2005) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the detection of equine antibodies specific to Sarcocystis neurona surface antigens. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 12: 1050-1056

JS Hoane, MR Yeargen, S Stamper, WS Saville, JK Morrow, DS Lindsay and DK Howe  (2005) Recombinant NhSAG1 ELISA: a sensitive and specific assay for detecting antibodies against Neospora hughesi in equine serum. J. Parasitology 91: 446-452

S Witonsky, JK Morrow, C Leger, J Dascanio, V Buechner-Maxwell, W Palmer, K Kline and A Cook (2004) Sarcocystis neurona- specific immunoglobulin G in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of horses administered the S. neurona vaccine.  J. Veterinary Internal Medicine 18: 98-103

BM Daft, BC Barr, IA Gardner, D Read, W Bell, KG Peyser, A Ardans, H Kinde and JK Morrow  (2002) Sensitivity and specificity of western blot testing of cerebrospinal fluid and serum for diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis in horses with and without neurologic abnormalities. JAVMA 221: 1007-1013

AG Cook, V Buechner-Maxwell, LL Donaldson, NA Parker, DL Ward and JK Morrow (2002) Detection of antibodies against Sarcocystis neurona in cerebrospinal fluid from clinically normal neonatal foals. JAVMA 220: 208-211

AG Cook, V Buechner-Maxwell, JK Morrow, DL Ward, NA Parker, JJ Dascanio, WB Ley and W Cooper (2001) Interpretation of the detection of Sarcocystis neurona antibodies in the serum of young horses. Veterinary Parasitology 95: 187-195

Antoinette Marsh

Antoinette Marsh

Associate Professor

  1. Marsh, A.E., S.B. Chaney, D.K. Howe, W.J. Saville, and S.M. Reed.  Small sarcocysts can be a feature of experimental infections with Sarcocystis neurona merozoites.  Veterinary Parasitology 2017; 245:116-118.  
  2. Saville, W.J.A., J.P. Dubey, A.E. Marsh, S.M. Reed, R.O Keene, D.K. Howe, J. Morrow, J.D. Workman.  Testing the Sarcocystis neurona vaccine using an equine protozoal myeloencephalitis challenge model.  Veterinary Parasitology 2017; 247:37-41.  
  3. Chaney, S.B., A.E. Marsh, S. Lewis, M. Carman, D.K. Howe, W.J. Saville, and S.M. Reed.  Sarcocystis neurona manipulation using culture-derived merozoites for bradyzoite and sporocyst production.  Veterinary Parasitology 2017; 238:35-42. 
  4. Dryburgh, L,  A. E. Marsh, J. P. Dubey, D. K. Howe, S. M. Reed, K. E. Bolten, W. Pei, and W. J. Saville.  Sarcocyst development in raccoons (Procyon lotor) inoculated with different strains of Sarcocystis neurona culture-derived merozoites.  Journal of Parasitology 2015; 101(4):462-467.  
  5. Dubey, J.P., D K Howe, M Furr, W J Saville, A E Marsh, S M Reed, M E Grigg.  An update on Sarcocystis neurona infections in animals and equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM); 2015 Vet Parasitol, 209(1-2):1-42.doi: 10.1016
  6. 2006  Murphy, J.E., A.E. Marsh, S.M. Reed, C. Meadows, and W.J. Saville.  Development and evaluation of a Sarcocystis neurona-specific IgM capture enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2006; 20:322-328.  
  7. Gupta, G.D. J. Lakritz, W.J. Saville, R.S. Livingston, J.P. Dubey, J.R. Middleton, and A.E. Marsh. Characterization of Sarcocystis neurona SAG1 expressed in insect cells by recombinant baculovirus. Journal of Parasitology 2004; 90:1027-1033. 
  8. Marsh, A.E., C. Hyun, B.C. Barr, R. Tindall and J. Lakritz.  Characterization of monoclonal antibodies developed against Sarcocystis neurona.  Parasitology Research 2002; 88:501-506.  
  9. Marsh, A.E., P.J. Johnson, J. Ramos-Vara, and G.C. Johnson. Characterization of a Sarcocystis neurona isolate from a Missouri horse with Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis. Veterinary Parasitology 2001 95: 143-154.  
  10. Marsh, A.E., M. Denvers, F.I. Hill, M.R. McElhaney, J.G. Trupkiewicz, J. Stewart, and L. Tell. Detection of Sarcocystis neurona in the brain of a Grant’s Zebra (Equus Burchelli Bohmi). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 1999; 31:82-86.  
  11. Marsh, A.E., B.C. Barr, A.E. Packham, and P.A. Conrad.  Description of a new Neospora species (Protozoa: Apicomplexa: Sarcocystidae).  Journal of Parasitology 1998; 84:983-991.  
  12. Marsh, A.E., B.C. Barr, J.E. Madigan, and P.A. Conrad.  Experimental infection of nude mice as a model for Sarcocystis neurona associated encephalitis. Parasitology Research 1997; 83:706-711.  
  13. Marsh, A.E., B.C. Barr, L. Tell, M. Koski, E. Greiner, J.B. Dame, and P.A. Conrad. In vitro cultivation and experimental inoculation of Sarcocystis falcatula and S. neurona merozoites into budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus).  Journal of Parasitology 1997; 83:1189-1192.  
  14. Marsh, A.E., B.C. Barr, J.E. Madigan, J. Lakritz, R. Nordhausen, and P.A. Conrad.  Neosporosis as a cause of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association 1996; 209:1907-1913.  

Nicola Pusterla

Nicola Pusterla

Professor Equine Medicine and Epidemiology

Pusterla N, James K, Bain F, Barnett DC, Chappell D, Gaughan E, Craig B, Schneider C, Vaala W, Papich M. Investigation of the Bi-Weekly Administration of Diclazuril on the Antibody Kinetics to Sarcocystis Neurona in Healthy Horses. .J Equine Vet Sci. 2021 Sep;104:103713. doi: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103713

Bernardino PN, Smith WA, Conrad PA, Packham AE, Tamez-Trevino E, Barnum S, Pusterla N. Molecular detection of Sarcocystis neurona in cerebrospinal fluid from 210 horses with suspected neurologic disease. Vet Parasitol. 2021 Mar;291:109372. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109372. 

Hunyadi L, Papich MG, Pusterla N. Diclazuril nonlinear mixed-effects pharmacokinetic modelling of plasma concentrations after oral administration to adult horses every 3-4 days. Vet J. 2018 Dec;242:74-76. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.10.009. 

James KE, Smith WA, Packham AE, Conrad PA, Pusterla N.Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence and association with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis: A case-control study of Californian horses. Vet J. 2017 Jun;224:38-43. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.05.008. 

James KE, Smith WA, Conrad PA, Packham AE, Guerrero L, Ng M, Pusterla N. Seroprevalences of anti-Sarcocystis neurona and anti-Neospora hughesi antibodies among healthy equids in the United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2017 Jun 1;250(11):1291-1301. 

Pusterla N, Tobin T. Therapeutics for Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis.

Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2017 Apr;33(1):87-97. doi: 10.1016/j.cveq.2016.12.001. Epub 2017 Feb 1.PMID: 28161037 Review.

Reed SM, Furr M, Howe DK, Johnson AL, MacKay RJ, Morrow JK, Pusterla N, Witonsky S. Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis: An Updated Consensus Statement with a Focus on Parasite Biology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention. J Vet Intern Med. 2016 Mar-Apr;30(2):491-502. doi: 10.1111/jvim.13834. 

Pusterla N, Packham A, Mackie S, Kass PH, Hunyadi L, Conrad PA. Daily feeding of diclazuril top dress pellets in foals reduces seroconversion to Sarcocystis neurona.

Vet J. 2015 Nov;206(2):236-8. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.07.018. 

Hunyadi L, Papich MG, Pusterla N. Pharmacokinetics of a low dose and FDA-labeled dose of diclazuril administered orally as a pelleted topdressing in adult horses.

J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2015 Jun;38(3):243-8. doi: 10.1111/jvp.12176. 

Pusterla N, Mackie S, Packham A, Conrad PA. Serological investigation of transplacental infection with Neospora hughesi and Sarcocystis neurona in broodmares.

Vet J. 2014 Dec;202(3):649-50. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.09.015. 

Pusterla N, Tamez-Trevino E, White A, Vangeem J, Packham A, Conrad PA, Kass P. Comparison of prevalence factors in horses with and without seropositivity to Neospora hughesi and/or Sarcocystis neurona. Vet J. 2014 May;200(2):332-4. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.03.014. 

Pusterla N, Conrad PA, Packham AE, Mapes SM, Finno CJ, Gardner IA, Barr BC, Ferraro GL, Wilson WD. Endogenous transplacental transmission of Neospora hughesi in naturally infected horses. J.Parasitol. 2011 Apr;97(2):281-5. doi: 10.1645/GE-2657.1. 

Finno CJ, Packham AE, David Wilson W, Gardner IA, Conrad PA, Pusterla N. Effects of blood contamination of cerebrospinal fluid on results of indirect fluorescent antibody tests for detection of antibodies against Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora hughesi.

J Vet Diagn Invest. 2007 May;19(3):286-9. doi: 10.1177/104063870701900310.PMID: 17459859

Pusterla N, Wilson WD, Conrad PA, Barr BC, Ferraro GL, Daft BM, Leutenegger CM. Cytokine gene signatures in neural tissue of horses with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis or equine herpes type 1 myeloencephalopathy.

Vet Rec. 2006 Sep 9;159(11):341-6. doi: 10.1136/vr.159.11.341.PMID: 16963713

Sharon Witonsky

Sharon Witonsky

Associate Professor

  1. Hay AN, Wagner B, Leeth CM, LeRoith T, Cecere TE, Lahmers KK, Andrews FM, Were SR, Johnson AL, Clark CK, Pusterla N, Reed SM, Lindsay DS, Taylor S, Estell KE, Furr M, MacKay RJ, Del Piero F, Witonsky SG. 2021. Horses affected by EPM have increased sCD14 compared to healthy horses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. Dec; 242:110338. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110338. Epub 2021 Oct 22.
  1. Hay AN, Potter A, Lindsay D, LeRoith T, Zhu J, Cashwell S, Witonsky S, Leeth C. 2021. Interferon gamma protective against Sarcocystis neurona encephalitis in susceptible murine model. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. Oct;240: 110319. doi: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110319. Epub 2021 Aug 28.PMID: 34474260
  1. Leeth C, Adkins J, Hay A, Bogers S, Potter A, Witonsky S, Zhu J.2021. Engrafting Horse Immune Cells into Mouse Hosts for the Study of the Acute Equine Immune Responses. Animals (Basel). 2021 Oct 14;11(10):2962. doi: 10.3390/ani11102962.PMID: 34679981 
  1. Witonsky S., Maxwell V, Santonastaso A, Pleasant R, Werre S, Wagner B, Ellison S, Lindsay D. 2018 Can levamisole upregulate the equine cell-mediated macrophage (M1) dendritic cell (DC1) T-helper (CD4) Th1 T-cytotoxic (CD8) immune response.  Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 33: 889-96.
  1. Reed SM, Furr M, Howe DK, Johnson AL, MacKay RJ, Morrow JK, Pusterla N, Witonsky S. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis: an updated consensus statement with a focus on parasite biology, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. J Vet Intern Med 2016 Mar;30(2):491-502. doi: 10.1111/jvim.13834. Epub 2016 Feb 9.
  1. Lewis, S. R., Ellison, S. P., Dascanio, J. J., Lindsay, D. S., Gogal, R. M., Werre, S. R., . . Witonsky, S. G. (2014). Effects of Experimental Sarcocystis neurona-Induced Infection on Immunity in an Equine Model.. Journal of veterinary medicine, 2014, 239495. doi:10.1155/2014/239495
  1. Witonsky S. G., Ellison S., Yang J., Gogal R. M., Lawler H., Suzuki Y., Sriranganathan N., Andrews F., Ward D., Lindsay D. S. 2008. Horses experimentally infected with Sarcocystis neurona develop altered immune responses in vitro. Journal of Parasitology. 94(5):1047-1054
  1. 8. Witonsky S.G., Gogal R.M., Duncan R.B., Norton H., Ward, D., Lindsay D.S., 2005.  Prevention of meningo/encephalomyelitis due to Sarcocystis neurona infection in mice is mediated by CD8 cells.  International Journal for Parasitology. 35:113-123
  1. 9. Witonsky S., Gogal Jr., R., Duncan R., Lindsay D., 2003a. Protective immune response to experimental infection with Sarcocystis neurona in C57BL/6 mice. The Journal of Parasitology 89: 924–931.
  1. 10. Witonsky S.G., Gogal R.M., Duncan R.B., Lindsay D.S., 2003b.  Immunopathologic effects associated with Sarcocystis neurona-infected interferon-gamma knockout mice.  Journal of Parasitology 89: 932-940.

Steve Reed

Steve Reed
  1. Reed SM, Furr M, Howe DK, Johnson AL, MacKay RJ, Morrow JK, Pusterla N, Witonsky S. Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis: An Updated Consensus Statement with a Focus on Parasite Biology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention. J Vet Intern Med. 2016 MarApr;30(2):491-502. PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4913613.
  2. Saville WJA, Reed SM, Granstrom DE, Hinchcliff KW, Kohn CW, Wittum TE, Stamper S. Seroprevalence of antibodies to Sarcocystis neurona in horses residing in Ohio. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;210(4):519-524.
  3. Saville WJA, Morley PS, Reed SM, Granstrom DE, Kohn CW, Hinchcliff KW, Wittum TE. Evaluation of risk factors associated with improvement and survival of horses with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000;217(8):1181-1185.
  4. Saville WJA, Stich RW, Reed SM, Njoku CJ, Oglesbee MJ, Wunschmann A, Grover DL, Larew-Naugle AL, Stanek JF, Granstrom DE, Dubey JP. Utilization of stress in the development of an equine model for equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. Vet Parasitol 2001;95(2-4):211-222.
  5. Dubey JP, Saville WJA, Stanek JF, Lindsay DS, Rosenthal BM, Oglesbee MJ, Rosypal AC, Njoku CJ, Stich RW, Kwok OC, Shen SK, Hamir AN, Reed SM. Sarcocystis neurona infections in raccoons (Procyon lotor): evidence for natural infection with sarcocysts, transmission of infection to opossums (Didelphis virginiana), and experimental induction of neurologic disease in raccoons. Vet Parasitol 2001;100(3-4):117-129.
  6. Saville, WJA, Reed, SM, Morley, PS, Granstrom, DE, Kohn, CW, Hinchcliff, KW, Wittum, TE. Analysis of risk factors for the development of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis in horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2000; 217
  7. CD Sofaly, SM Reed, JC Gordon, JP Dubey, MJ Oglesbee, CJ Njoku, DL Grover, WJA Saville. Experimental induction of Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM) in the horse: Effect of Sarcocystis neurona sporocyst inoculation on the development of clinical neurologic disease. J Parasitol, 2002; 88(6): 1164 – 1170
  8. Stanek, JF, Dubey, JP, Oglesbee, MJ, Reed, SM, Lindsay, DS, Njoku, CJ, Saville, WJA. Life cycle of Sarcocystis neurona infections in its natural intermediate host, raccoon (Procyon lotor). J Parasitol, 2002; 88(6): 1151 – 1158
  9. Piercy RJ, Hinchcliff KW, Reed SM. Folate deficiency during treatment with orally administered folic acid, sulphadiazine and pyrimethamine in a horse with suspected equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM). Equine Vet J. 2002 May;34(3):311-6.
  10. Yeargan M, de Assis Rocha I, Morrow J, Graves A, Reed SM, Howe DK. A new trivalent SnSAG surface antigen chimera for efficient detection of antibodies against Sarcocystis neurona and diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis J Vet Diagn Invest.2015 May;27(3):377-81.
  11. Dubey JP, Howe DK, Furr M, Saville WJ, Marsh AE, Reed SM, Grigg ME. An update on Sarcocystis neurona infections in animals and equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM). Vet Parasitol. 2015 Apr 15;209(1-2):1-42
  12. Reed SM, Howe DK, Morrow JK, Graves A, Yeargan MR, Johnson AL, MacKay RJ, Furr M, Saville WJ, Williams NM. Accurate antemortem diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) based on detecting intrathecal antibodies against Sarcocystis neurona using the SnSAG2 and SnSAG4/3 ELISAs. J Vet Intern Med. 2013 SepOct;27(5):1193-200.
  13. Marsh AE, Chaney SB, Howe DK, Saville WJ, Reed SM. Small sarcocysts can be a feature of experimental infections with Sarcocystis neurona merozoites. Vet Parasitol. 2017 Oct 15; 245:116-118.
  14. Stanek JF, Stich RW, Dubey JP, Reed SM, Njoku CJ, Lindsay DS, Schmall LM, Johnson GK, LaFave BM, Saville WJ. Epidemiology of Sarcocystis neurona infections in domestic cats (Felis domesticus) and its association with equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) case farms and feral cats from a mobile spay and neuter clinic. Vet Parasitol. 2003 Nov 28;117(4):239-49
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